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Gridiron football, or North American football,〔See, for example: Jack Brimberg and William Hurley (2006). ("Strategic considerations in the coaching of North American football" ). ''International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing''. From ''International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing'', Volume 1, Number 3, pp. 279–287.〕 is a form of football primarily played in the United States and Canada.〔("Gridiron football" ). ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Retrieved October 20, 2010.〕〔Carlisle, pp. 237–239.〕〔〔〔 The predominant forms of gridiron football are American football and Canadian football. The term "gridiron" originated as a description of the sport's then-characteristic playing field, which, until the late 1910s–early 1920s, was marked with a series of parallel lines in a checkerboard (or grid) pattern, resembling a gridiron.〔 The grid system was abandoned in favor of the system of yard lines and hash marks used today, but the term "gridiron" has survived. "Gridiron" football developed in the late 19th century out of the original games now known as rugby football and association football. It is distinguished from other football codes by its use of hard plastic helmets and shoulder pads, the forward pass, the system of downs, a line of scrimmage, more specialist positions and formations, free substitution, platooning of different players for offense and defense, measurements in yards, a distinctive brown leather ball in the shape of a prolate spheroid, and the ability to score points while not in possession of the ball by way of the safety. Walter Camp is credited with creating many of the rules that differentiate gridiron football from its older counterparts. The international governing body for gridiron football is the International Federation of American Football (IFAF); although the organization uses the name "American football" and plays all of its international competitions under American rules, it uses a definition of the game that is broad enough that it includes Canadian football under its umbrella, and Football Canada (the governing body for Canadian football) is an IFAF member. ==Terminology== The term "gridiron" in reference to football first developed in the United States as a description of the sport's then-characteristic playing field, which originally was marked with a series of parallel lines in a checkerboard (or grid) pattern, resembling a gridiron. The word "gridiron," in use since the 14th century, refers to a metal grid for cooking food over a fire, and derives from the same root as "griddle."〔 As described in ''Outdoor Sports and Games'' (1911), by Claude H. Miller:—
As a result, the name of the field, "gridiron," was applied to the game itself. The ball would be snapped in the grid in which it was downed on the previous play. The grid system was abandoned in favor of the system of yard lines and hash marks used today, but the term "gridiron" has survived. Especially outside of the U.S. and Canada, the terms "gridiron" and "gridiron football" are often used to distinguish the North American sport from other codes of football. "Gridiron" is the normal word for the sport in Australia and New Zealand.〔〔〔Funge, p. 41.〕 In some cases the terms are used specifically for American football, sometimes even in distinction from Canadian football,〔See, for example, 〕 though it is now often used as a blanket term for both North American variants.〔 In the United States and Canada, the game is known unambiguously as ''football''; the term ''gridiron'' is often used in a more poetic sense or for more colorful newspaper headlines. Association football is known in these countries as "soccer." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「gridiron football」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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